IBSA ANTI-DOPING CODE Contents Introduction 3 1 IBSA Medical Committee 5 2 Definition of Doping 5 3 Anti-Doping Rule Violations 5 4 Proof of Doping 8 5 The Prohibited List 9 6 Therapeutic Use Exemptions 10 7 Testing 13 8 Analysis of Samples 15 9 Results Management 16 10 Management of Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations 23 11 Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results 23 12 Sanctions on individuals 23 13 Consequences to Teams 30 14 External Appeals 31 15 Reinstatements 34 16 Statute Of Limitations 34 17 Confidentiality and Reporting 35 18 Doping Control for Animals competing in Sport 36 19 Gender Verification 37 20 Medical Care Given To Athletes 37 21 Amendment and Interpretation of Anti-Doping Rules 38 22 Accessibility 39 Glossary 40 Introduction The International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) is the worldwide governing body for sports for persons with a visual impairment. It is the recognised International Federation (IF) for a number of sports practised by blind and partially sighted persons. IBSA sanctions and oversees world and continental championships and international cup and club events in its official sports. As a founding member of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), IBSA plays a full and active role in the governance of a number of multi-disability sports on the Paralympic programme. IBSA has agreed to accept the World Anti-Doping Code and implement anti-doping regulations in accordance with  the World Anti-Doping Code. IBSA, through the IBSA Anti-Doping Code, is committed to the complete eradication of doping from sports for persons with a visual impairment in order to ensure fair competition among all visually impaired athletes. IBSA has established and approved the IBSA Anti-Doping Code (the Code) in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) and the International Paralympic Committee Anti-Doping Code in the expectation that, in the spirit of sport, it will lead the fight against doping in sport for athletes with a visual impairment. The Code is complemented by other IBSA documents and International Standards referred to throughout the Code. As a condition of recognition, IBSA requires that the Code shall apply to all competitions sanctioned by IBSA and to all sports practised within the context of IBSA. This is understood to include also the time of preparation for Competition. Anti-doping rules, like competition rules, are sport rules governing the conditions under which sport is played. All participants (athletes and athlete support personnel) accept these rules as a condition of participation and are presumed to have agreed to comply with the Code. 1 IBSA Medical Committee 1.1 The IBSA Medical Committee is responsible for all medical, anti-doping, classification and scientific general regulations including the IBSA Anti-Doping Code. 1.2 The IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee is responsible for establishing policies, guidelines and procedures with respect to the fight against doping, including anti-doping rule violation management and compliance with internationally accepted regulations, including the WADC. 1.3 The IBSA Therapeutic Use Exemption Committee (TUEC) is the Panel appointed by the IBSA Medical Committee to assess each Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) application. 1.4 Unless specifically directed in the Code, the Person responsible for the administration of the provisions thereof shall be the IBSA Medical Director. The IBSA Medical Director may delegate specific responsibilities to such Person or Persons at his/her discretion. 2 Definition of Doping Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 3.1 through Article 3.8 of this Code. 3 Anti-Doping Rule Violations The following constitute anti-doping rule violations: 3.1 The presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers, as defined in the WADA Prohibited List (the Prohibited List), in an Athlete’s bodily Specimen, except where a TUE has been granted for the particular substance. 3.1.1 It is each Athlete’s personal duty to ensure that no Prohibited Substances enter his or her body. Athletes are responsible for any Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found to be present in their bodily Specimens. Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent, fault, negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete’s part be demonstrated in order to establish an anti-doping violation under Article 3.1. 3.1.2 Excepting those substances for which a quantitative reporting threshold is specifically identified in the Prohibited List, the detected presence of any quantity of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete’s Sample shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation. 3.1.3 As an exception to the general rule of Article 3.1, the Prohibited List may establish special criteria for the evaluation of Prohibited Substances that can also be produced endogenously. 3.2 Use or Attempted Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method. 3.2.1 The success or failure of the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method is not material. It is sufficient that the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method was used or Attempted to be used for an anti-doping rule violation to be committed. 3.3 Refusing, or failing without compelling justification, to submit to Sample collection after notification as authorized in these Anti-Doping Rules or otherwise evading Sample collection. 3.4 Violation of the requirements regarding Athlete availability for Out-of-Competition Testing including failure to provide required whereabouts information set forth in Article 7.6 (Athlete Whereabouts Information). 3.5 Tampering, or Attempting to tamper, with any part of Doping Control. 3.6 Possession of Prohibited Substances and Methods. 3.6.1 Possession by an Athlete at any time or place of a substance that is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing or a Prohibited Method unless the Athlete establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a TUE granted in accordance with Article 6 (Therapeutic Use Exemptions) or other acceptable justification. 3.6.2 Possession of a Prohibited Substance that is prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing or a Prohibited Method by Athlete Support Personnel in connection with an Athlete, Competition or training, unless the Athlete Support Personnel establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a TUE granted to an Athlete in accordance with Article 6 (Therapeutic Use Exemptions) or other acceptable justification. 3.7 Trafficking in any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. 3.8 Administration or Attempted administration of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method to any Athlete, or assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation or any Attempted violation. 4 Proof of Doping 4.1 Burdens and Standards of Proof The IBSA (or applicable ADO) shall have the burden of establishing that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred. The standard of proof shall be whether the IBSA (or applicable ADO) has established an anti-doping rule violation to the comfortable satisfaction of the hearing body bearing in mind the seriousness of the allegation which is made. This standard of proof in all cases is greater than a mere balance of probability but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Where these rules place the burden of proof upon the Athlete or other Person alleged to have committed an anti-doping rule violation to rebut a presumption or establish specified facts or circumstances, the standard of proof shall be by a balance of probability. 4.2 Methods of Establishing Facts and Presumptions Facts related to anti-doping rule violations may be established by any reliable means, including admissions. The following rules of proof shall be applicable in doping cases: 4.2.1 WADA-accredited laboratories are presumed to have conducted Sample Analysis and custodial procedures in accordance with the WADA International Standard for Laboratories. The Athlete may rebut this presumption by establishing that a departure from the International Standard, undermining the validity of the Adverse Analytical Finding, occurred. If the Athlete rebuts the preceding presumption by showing that a departure from the International Standard occurred, then the IBSA (or applicable ADO) shall have the burden to establish that such departure did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding. 4.2.2 Departures from the WADA International Standard for Testing which did not cause an Adverse Analytical Finding or other anti-doping rule violation shall not invalidate such results. If the Athlete establishes that departures from the WADA International Standard occurred during Testing then the IBSA (or applicable ADO) shall have the burden to establish that such departures did not cause the Adverse Analytical Finding or the factual basis for the anti-doping rule violation. 5 The Prohibited List 5.1 Publication and Revision of the Prohibited List The Prohibited List adopted by IBSA is the WADC Prohibited List published and revised at least once a year by WADA. The IBSA will make the current Prohibited List available to each member organisation, and they in turn shall ensure that the current Prohibited List is made available to its members and constituents. Unless provided otherwise in the Prohibited List or a revision thereof, the Prohibited List and revisions shall enter into effect under this Anti-Doping Code as determined by WADA without requiring any further action by IBSA (or applicable ADO). 5.2 Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods Identified on the Prohibited List The Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods included on the Prohibited List shall be final and shall not be subject to challenge by an Athlete or other Person. 6 Therapeutic Use Exemptions IBSA, in accordance with the current WADC International Standards for Therapeutic Use Exemptions, permits Athletes and their physicians to apply to the IBSA TUEC for Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) (i.e. permission to Use, for therapeutic purposes, substances whose Use is otherwise prohibited according to the rules of sport). The IBSA TUEC is composed of at least three members (in particular physicians, clinical-analytical chemists, ophthalmologists and low vision specialists, etc.) with combined experience in the care and treatment of Athletes, a sound knowledge of clinical and exercise medicine and a comprehensive understanding of anti-doping related matters. The IBSA TUEC may seek other medical or scientific expertise deemed appropriate or necessary to review the circumstances of any TUE application. 6.1 Criteria for Granting a TUE A TUE may be granted to an Athlete permitting the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Methods as defined by the Prohibited List for the following reasons only: 6.1.1 The Athlete would experience a significant impairment to health if the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method were withdrawn from treatment. 6.1.2 The therapeutic Use of the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method would produce no additional enhancement of performance other than that which might be anticipated by a return to a state of usual health following the treatment of a legitimate medical condition. 6.1.3 There is no reasonable therapeutic alternative to the Use of the otherwise Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. 6.1.4 The necessity for the Use of the otherwise Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method cannot be a consequence, wholly or in part, of the prior non-therapeutic Use of substances from the Prohibited List. 6.1.5 An application for a TUE will not be considered for retroactive approval except in cases where: 6.1.5.1 Emergency treatment of an acute medical condition was necessary. 6.1.5.2 There was insufficient time for an applicant to submit, or the IBSA TUEC to consider, an application prior to Doping Control. 6.2 TUE Application Process 6.2.1 Any Athlete seeking TUE must submit to IBSA an application in writing, using the appropriate form as available from IBSA. A TUE will only be considered following the receipt of a correctly completed application form. 6.2.1.1 International Level Athletes who are included in the IBSA Registered Testing Pool should apply to IBSA for TUE at the same time the Athlete first provides whereabouts information to IBSA and, except in emergency situations, no later than the final date of entry for the relevant Competition. Applications beyond the deadline for submission may not be resolved in a timely manner. 6.2.1.2 Athletes participating in IBSA Sanctioned Competitions who are not included in the IBSA Registered Testing Pool, except in emergency situations, should apply to IBSA for TUE no later than the final date of entry for the relevant Competition. Applications beyond the deadline for submission may not be resolved in a timely manner. 6.2.2 The IBSA TUEC shall promptly evaluate any TUE application and reach a decision on such request, which shall be the final decision of IBSA. The decision of the IBSA TUEC will be conveyed in writing to the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation. Where a TUE has been granted, the exemptions will be reported to WADA. 6.2.3 Exemptions are only granted for the substance(s) and sport(s) as detailed in the application and will be granted for no more than two years. 6.2.4 Exemption does not preclude the Athlete from being tested. Any medication covered by the exemption and detected during the analysis shall not be considered as a doping offence. 6.2.5 It is the responsibility of the Athlete to ensure that the TUE has been granted before using any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. Failure to do so may result in a doping violation following Doping Control. 6.3 TUE Appeals WADA, at the request of an Athlete or on its own initiation, may review the granting or denial of any TUE to an International Level Athlete or a national level Athlete that is included in the IBSA Registered Testing Pool. If WADA determines that the granting or denial of a TUE did not comply with the WADC International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions in force at the time then WADA may reverse that decision. Decisions on TUEs are subject to further appeal as provided in Article 14.3. 6.3.1 If WADA does not take action to reverse the decision of the IBSA TUEC within 30 days of notification, the original decision remains in effect. 6.3.2 If the decision regarding the granting of a TUE is reversed on appeal, the reversal shall not apply retroactively and shall not disqualify the Athlete’s results during the period the TUE had been granted. 7 Testing 7.1 IBSA, as the International Federation, shall establish a Registered Testing Pool for International Level Athletes. All Athletes competing in IBSA-sanctioned competitions shall be included in the IBSA Registered Testing Pool. 7.2 Authority to Test All Athletes affiliated with an IBSA member organisation shall be included in the In-Competition Testing plan by IBSA (or the applicable ADO responsible for Testing at a Competition or Event in which they participate). All Athletes affiliated with an IBSA member organisation shall also be subject to Out-of-Competition Testing at any time or place, with or without advance notice, by IBSA, WADA, the Athlete's IBSA member organisation and applicable National Federation, IPC and the National Anti-Doping Organization of any country where the Athlete is present. 7.3 Responsibility for IBSA Testing At IBSA-sanctioned Competitions, the collection of Doping Control Samples shall be initiated and directed by IBSA. The IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee shall be responsible for all Testing conducted by IBSA. Testing may be conducted by members of the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee or delegated to a recognised ADO. Members of the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee may at any time supervise and intervene as necessary during testing conducted on behalf of IBSA in order to guarantee compliance with this Code and the appropriate International Standards. 7.4 Testing Standards Testing conducted by IBSA (or applicable ADO) shall be in substantial conformity with the WADC International Standard for Testing in force at the time of Testing. 7.5 Co-ordination of Testing IBSA and/or the applicable ADO shall promptly report completed tests to WADA in order to avoid unnecessary duplication in Testing. 7.6 Athlete Whereabouts Information Athletes who have been identified by IBSA (or applicable ADO) for inclusion in a Registered Testing Pool shall provide accurate, up-to-date current whereabouts information. IBSA and the relevant ADO shall co-ordinate the identification of Athletes and the collecting of current whereabouts information and shall submit it to WADA. WADA shall make this information available to other Anti-Doping Organizations having authority to test the Athlete. This information shall be maintained in strict confidence at all times, shall be used exclusively for purposes of planning, co-ordinating or conducting Testing, and shall be destroyed after it is no longer relevant for these purposes. 7.7 Unavailability for Out of Competition Testing Any Athlete in the IBSA Registered Testing Pool who is unavailable for Testing on three (3) attempts during any period of eighteen (18) consecutive months shall be considered to have committed an anti-doping rule violation pursuant to Article 3.4. For each attempt, the Doping Control Officer shall visit all locations during the times specified by the Athlete for that date and shall stay two (2) hours at each location. Notification shall be sent to the Athlete between each attempt which is to be counted as an unavailable test. 7.8 Retirement and Return to Competition An Athlete who has given notice of retirement to IBSA (or the corresponding ADO) may not resume competing unless he/she notifies IBSA (or the corresponding ADO) at least three (3) months before he/she expects to return to Competition and is available for unannounced Out-of-Competition Testing at any time during that period. 8 Analysis of Samples Doping Control Samples shall be analysed in accordance with the following principles: 8.1 Use of Approved Laboratories Doping Control Samples shall be analysed only in WADA-accredited laboratories or as otherwise approved by WADA. 8.2 Research on Samples No Sample may be used for any purpose other than the detection of substances (or classes of substances) or methods on the Prohibited List, or as otherwise identified by WADA in accordance with the WADC, without the Athlete’s written consent. 9 Results Management 9.1 Doping Control forms from IBSA-sanctioned Competitions Immediately following the conclusion of all IBSA-sanctioned Competitions, all original Doping Control forms shall be forwarded to the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson c/o of the IBSA General Secretariat. 9.2 Laboratory Results from IBSA-sanctioned Competitions The WADA-accredited laboratory (or other method approved by WADA) used for the Sample analysis shall forward the Results from all analyses to the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson c/o of the IBSA General Secretariat. The reports will be signed by an authorised representative and confidentiality will be maintained at all times. 9.3 Records of Adverse Analytical Findings from IBSA member organisations, IPC and ADOs Records of Adverse Analytical Findings and subsequent sanctions imposed by IBSA member organisations, IPC or ADOs shall be forwarded to the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson c/o the IBSA General Secretariat. Such results will be maintained at the IBSA General Secretariat and, if necessary, shall also be forwarded to the IPC Headquarters. 9.4 Initial Review Regarding Adverse Analytical Findings Upon receipt of an A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding, the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee will conduct a review to determine whether: 9.4.1 An applicable TUE has been granted. 9.4.2 There is any apparent departure from the WADC International Standards for Testing or Laboratories that undermines the validity of the Adverse Analytical Finding. 9.5 Consequences of an A Sample Result The A Sample result is regarded as definitive and the B Sample analysis shall only be undertaken at the request of the Athlete as part of an internal appeal. 9.6 Notification After Initial Review Should the initial review uphold the anti-doping rule violation, the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson shall promptly notify the Athlete, the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation and WADA of the following: 9.6.1 The A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding 9.6.2 The anti-doping rule violation(s) and, if needed, a description of any follow-up investigation required by the Prohibited List. 9.6.3 Immediate Provisional Suspension from Competition if deemed appropriate. 9.6.4 Expedited Hearing details. 9.6.5 The existence of a further available process of Internal Appeal which may include the request for analysis of the B Sample and, if requested, the right to attend its opening and analysis. 9.6.6 The right of the Athlete to request copies of the A and B Sample Laboratory Documentation Package. 9.7 Expedited Hearing The hearing process shall address whether an anti-doping rule violation has been committed and if so the appropriate Consequences. 9.7.1 The hearing body will comprise of no less than 3 members of the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee and has the right to be represented by counsel. 9.7.2 The Athlete has the right to be represented by counsel and the right to an interpreter, approved by IBSA and at the Athlete’s own expense. 9.7.3 Not more than 2 representatives of the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation and 1 representative from the applicable sport concerned shall be invited. 9.7.4 Each party has the right to present evidence including submission of written material and the right to call witnesses (subject to IBSA’s discretion). 9.7.5 IBSA reserves the right to conduct the hearing by telephone conference call. 9.8 Result of the Expedited Hearing As a result of the hearing, the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee shall make a recommendation to the IBSA Management Committee. The IBSA Management Committee shall be responsible for taking further timely action and for notifying the Athlete, through the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation, of any sanctioned imposed. It is the responsibility of the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation to immediately inform the Athlete in writing of such notification. 9.9 Internal Appeal The decision taken as a result of the Expedited Hearing (Article 9.8), including any provisional suspension, may be appealed by the Athlete following the process of Internal Appeal. The Athlete has the right to request the analysis of the B Sample as part of such Internal Appeal or, failing such request, the B Sample analysis will be deemed waived. Waiving the B Sample analysis should in no way be interpreted as an acceptance of any anti-doping rule violation but the fact that the B Sample analysis will confirm those Results obtained from the A Sample. The Athlete must submit in writing to the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson any request for an Internal Appeal, with or without requesting the B Sample analysis, within seven (7) days of the notification of the decision taken as a result of the Expedited Hearing (Article 9.8). Any sanction imposed as a result of the Expedited Hearing, except for Provisional Suspension if deemed appropriate, shall be suspended until the moment the final decision is reached by the IBSA Management Committee as a result of the Internal Appeal Hearing. 9.10 B Sample Analysis as Part of an Internal Appeal If a request for an Internal Appeal is submitted and the B Sample analysis is requested, the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson shall make the appropriate arrangements to conduct the B Sample opening and analysis as soon as reasonably possible and will inform the Athlete and the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation of such date and time. The B Sample analysis shall be carried out in the same WADA-accredited laboratory (or other method approved by WADA) used for the A Sample analysis. 9.11 Costs Associated with a B Sample Analysis The cost of the B Sample analysis shall be borne by the Athlete or the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation, except when the B Sample analysis does not confirm with the Result of the A Sample. All other costs to the Athlete or the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation arising as a result of an Adverse Analytical Finding or B Sample analysis shall be borne by the Athlete or the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation, regardless of the final outcome. 9.12 Attendance at the B Sample Opening and Analysis The B Sample opening and analysis may be attended by the Athlete, an expert designated by the Athlete, a representative of the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation, and a representative of the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee. The IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee may appoint a surrogate representative to act on its behalf. Should the Athlete or the representative person(s) not be present at the laboratory at the time indicated, the representative of the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee may decide to proceed with the B Sample opening and analysis. 9.13 Consequences of a B Sample Analysis NOT Confirming the Result of the A Sample Should the result of the B Sample analysis not confirm the result of the A Sample analysis, the finding will be deemed negative and all previously imposed sanctions removed and the Athlete immediately reinstated. The IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson shall immediately inform the Athlete, the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation, the applicable sport Chairperson and WADA. The IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee shall investigate the circumstances of this finding. 9.14 Consequences of a B Sample Analysis Confirming the Result of the A Sample or a Waived B Sample Analysis Should the Result of the B Sample analysis confirm the Result of the A Sample, or should the B Sample analysis not be requested as part of an Internal Appeal, the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson shall promptly notify the IBSA Management Committee, through the IBSA Secretary General, and provide copies of all documentation surrounding the case. 9.15 Notification of an Internal Appeal Hearing After consultation with the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson, the IBSA Management Committee will promptly notify the Athlete and the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation of the following: 9.15.1 The B Sample Adverse Analytical Finding; 9.15.2 The anti doping rule violation(s); 9.15.3 Internal Appeal Hearing details; 9.15.4 The existence of a further available process of External Appeal (as described in Article 14); 9.15.5 The right of the Athlete to request copies of the A and B Sample Laboratory Documentation Package. 9.16 Internal Appeal Hearing 9.16.1 The hearing body will include no fewer than 3 ad-hoc persons appointed by the IBSA Management Committee. 9.16.2 The IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee will have the right to be represented by its Chairperson or a surrogate representative. 9.16.3 The Athlete has the right to be represented by counsel and the right to an interpreter, approved by the hearing body and at the Athlete’s own expense. 9.16.4 Not more than 2 representatives of the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation and 1 representative from the applicable sport concerned shall be invited. 9.16.5 Each party has the right to present evidence including submission of written material and the right to call witnesses (subject to the hearing body’s discretion). Reasonable and appropriate timeframes will be granted in order to gather all relevant evidence. 9.16.6 IBSA reserves the right to conduct the hearing by telephone conference call. 9.17 Result of the Internal Appeal Hearing As a result of the Internal Appeal Hearing, the hearing body shall make a recommendation to the IBSA Management Committee. The IBSA Management Committee shall be responsible for taking further timely action and for notifying the Athlete and the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation of its final written, reasoned decision. 10 Management of Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations Any anti-doping rule violation other than those resulting in a laboratory result (i.e. those covered in Articles 3.2 to 3.8) will be dealt with the on a case-by-case basis, while respecting the principles set forth in the procedure described under Article 9 (Results Management). 11 Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results A violation of these Anti-Doping Rules in connection with an In-Competition test automatically leads to Disqualification of the individual results obtained in that Event with all resulting Consequences, including forfeit of any medals, points and prizes. 12 Sanctions on individuals 12.1 Disqualification of Results in IBSA Sanctioned Competitions An anti-doping rule violation occurring during or in connection with an IBSA-sanctioned Competition may, upon the decision of the ruling body of the Competition, lead to Disqualification of all of the Athlete's individual results obtained in that Competition with all Consequences, including forfeiture of all medals, points and prizes, except as provided in Article 12.1.1. 12.1.1 If the Athlete establishes that he or she bears No Fault or Negligence for the violation, the Athlete's individual results in the other Events shall not be Disqualified unless the Athlete's results in Events other than the Event in which the anti-doping rule violation occurred were likely to have been affected by the Athlete's anti-doping rule violation. 12.2 Imposition of Ineligibility for Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods Except for the specified substances identified in Article 12.3, the period of Ineligibility imposed for a violation of Article 3.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers), Article 3.2 (Use or Attempted Use of Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method) and Article 3.6 (Possession of Prohibited Substances and Methods) shall be: First violation: two (2) years' Ineligibility Second violation: lifetime Ineligibility However, the Athlete or other Person shall have the opportunity in each case, before a period of Ineligibility is imposed, to establish the basis for eliminating or reducing this sanction as provided in Article 12.5. 12.3 Imposition of Ineligibility for Specified Substances The Prohibited List may identify specified substances which are particularly susceptible to unintentional anti-doping rule violations because of their general availability in medicinal products or which are less likely to be successfully abused as doping agents. Where an Athlete can establish that the Use of such a specified substance was not intended to enhance sport performance, the period of Ineligibility found in Article 12.2 shall be replaced with the following: First violation: at a minimum, a warning and reprimand and no period of Ineligibility from future Competitions at a maximum, one (1) year’s Ineligibility Second violation: two (2) years' Ineligibility Third violation: lifetime Ineligibility However, the Athlete or other Person shall have the opportunity in each case, before a period of Ineligibility is imposed, to establish the basis for eliminating or reducing (in the case of a second or third violation) this sanction as provided in Article 12.5. 12.4 Ineligibility for Other Anti-Doping Rule Violations The period of Ineligibility for other violations of these anti-doping rules shall be: 12.4.1 For violations of Article 3.3 (refusing or failing to submit to Sample collection) or Article 3.5 (Tampering with Doping Control), the Ineligibility periods shall be: First violation: two (2) years’ Ineligibility Second violation: lifetime Ineligibility 12.4.2 For violations of Article 3.7 (Trafficking) or Article 3.8 (Administration or Attempted Administration of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method), the period of Ineligibility imposed shall be: First violation: minimum of four (4) years’ Ineligibility up to lifetime Ineligibility Second violation: lifetime Ineligibility An anti-doping rule violation involving a Minor shall be considered a particularly serious violation and, if committed by Athlete Support Personnel for violations other than specified substances referred to in Article 12.3, shall result in lifetime Ineligibility for such Athlete Support Personnel. In addition, violations of such Articles which also violate non-sporting laws and regulations may be reported to the competent administrative, professional or judicial authorities. 12.4.3 For violations of Article 3.4 (whereabouts violation or missed test), the period of Ineligibility shall be: First violation: three (3) months to one (1) year’s Ineligibility Second and subsequent violations: two (2) years' Ineligibility 12.5 Elimination or Reduction of Period of Ineligibility Based on Exceptional Circumstances 12.5.1 No fault or Negligence. If the Athlete establishes in an individual case involving an anti-doping rule violation under Article 3.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers) or under Article 3.2 (Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method) that he or she bears No Fault or Negligence for the violation, the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility shall be eliminated. When a Prohibited Substance or its Markers or Metabolites is detected in an Athlete's Specimen in violation of Article 3.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance), the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered his or her system in order to have the period of Ineligibility eliminated. In the Event this Article is applied and the period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable is eliminated, the anti-doping rule violation shall not be considered a violation for the limited purpose of determining the period of Ineligibility for multiple violations under Articles 12.2, 12.3 and 12.6. Mislabelled products, administration of a Prohibited Substance by the athlete’s physician without disclosure to the Athlete or sabotage by any person within the athlete’s circle of persons to whom they entrust access to their food and drink cannot be considered circumstances with No fault or Negligence. 12.5.2 No Significant Fault or Negligence. This Article 12.5.2 applies only to anti-doping rule violations involving Article 3.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers), Article 3.2 (Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method), Article 3.3 (failing to submit to Sample collection), or Article 3.8 (administration of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method). If an Athlete establishes in an individual case involving such violations that he or she bears No Significant Fault or Negligence, then the period of Ineligibility may be reduced, but the reduced period of Ineligibility may not be less than one-half of the minimum period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable. If the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility is a lifetime, the reduced period under this section may be no less than eight (8) years. When a Prohibited Substance or its Markers or Metabolites is detected in an Athlete's Specimen in violation of Article 3.1 (presence of Prohibited Substance), the Athlete must also establish how the Prohibited Substance entered his or her system in order to have the period of Ineligibility reduced. 12.5.3 The IBSA Management Committee, on recommendations from the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee, may also reduce the period of Ineligibility in an individual case where the Athlete has provided substantial assistance to the IBSA which results in IBSA discovering or establishing an anti-doping rule violation by another Person involving Possession under Article 3.6.2 (Possession by Athlete Support Personnel), Article 3.7 (Trafficking), or Article 3.8 (administration to an Athlete). The reduced period of Ineligibility may not, however, be less than one-half of the minimum period of Ineligibility otherwise applicable. If the otherwise applicable period of Ineligibility is a lifetime, the reduced period under this section may be no less than eight (8) years. 12.6 Rules for Certain Potential Multiple Violations 12.6.1 For purposes of imposing sanctions under Articles 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4, a second anti-doping rule violation may be considered for purposes of imposing sanctions only if IBSA can establish that the Athlete or other Person committed the second anti-doping rule violation after the Athlete or other Person received notice, or after IBSA made a reasonable Attempt to give notice, of the first anti-doping rule violation. If IBSA cannot establish this, the violations shall be considered as one single first violation, and the sanction imposed shall be based on the violation that carries the more severe sanction. 12.6.2 Where an Athlete, based on the same Doping Control, is found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation involving both a specified substance under Article 12.3 and another Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method, the Athlete shall be considered to have committed a single anti-doping rule violation, but the sanction imposed shall be based on the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method that carries the most severe sanction. 12.6.3 Where an Athlete is found to have committed two separate anti-doping rule violations, one involving a specified substance governed by the sanctions set forth in Article 12.3 and the other involving a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method governed by the sanctions set forth in Article 12.2 or a violation governed by the sanctions in Article 12.4.1, the period of Ineligibility imposed shall be: Second violation: at a minimum, two (2) years’ Ineligibility at a maximum, three (3) years’ Ineligibility Third violation: lifetime Ineligibility 12.7 Disqualification of Results in Events Subsequent to Sample Collection In addition to the automatic Disqualification of the results in the Event which produced the positive Sample under Article 11 (Automatic Disqualification of Individual Results), all other competitive results obtained from the date a positive Sample was collected (whether In-Competition or Out-of-Competition), or other doping violation occurred, until the commencement of any Provisional Suspension or Ineligibility period shall, unless fairness requires otherwise, be Disqualified with all of the resulting Consequences including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes. 12.8 Commencement of Ineligibility Period The period of Ineligibility shall start on the date on which the final decision for such period is imposed. Any period of Provisional Suspension (whether imposed or voluntarily accepted) shall be credited against the total period of Ineligibility to be served. Where required by fairness, such as delays in the hearing process or other aspects of Doping Control not attributable to the Athlete, IBSA may take the decision to start the period of Ineligibility at an earlier date commencing as early as the date of Sample collection. 12.9 Status During Ineligibility No Person who has been declared Ineligible may, during the period of Ineligibility, participate in any capacity in an Event or activity (other than authorised anti-doping education or rehabilitation programs) sanctioned or organized by IBSA or IBSA member organizations. In addition, for any anti-doping rule violation not involving specified substances described in Article 12.3, some or all sport-related financial support or other sport-related benefits received by such Person will be withheld by IBSA or IBSA member organizations and governments. 12.10 The applicable IBSA member organisation is responsible for enforcing any sanction imposed by IBSA. 13 Consequences to Teams 13.1 Consequences when one member of a Team has committed an anti-doping rule violation 13.1.1 If a member of a Team is found to have committed a violation of these anti-doping rules during a Competition, the penalties applied to the Team shall be determined according to the penalties applied by the respective International Federation for sighted athletes. 13.1.2 In Team Sports, or other Sports where Teams compete, where IBSA is the International Federation or the International Federation rules do not cover Team sanctions, the penalty applied to the Team shall be the loss of the results of the Event in which the competitor was tested. 13.1.3 If a member of a Team is found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation during a Competition where a Team ranking is based on the addition of individual results, the results of the Athlete committing the violation will be subtracted from the Team result and replaced with the results of the next applicable Team member. If by removing the Athlete’’s results from the Team results, the number of Athletes counting for the Team is less than the required number, the Team shall be eliminated from the ranking. 13.2 Consequences when more than one Team member in a Team Sport has been notified of a possible anti-doping rule violation 13.2.1 If more than one Team member in a Team Sport is found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation during the Competition the Team shall be disqualified from Competition. 14 External Appeals 14.1 Decisions Subject to External Appeal Decisions made under these Anti-Doping Rules may be appealed as set forth below in Article 14.2 through 14.4. Such decisions shall remain in effect while under appeal unless the appellate body orders otherwise. Before an External Appeal is commenced, any post-decision review authorized in Article 9 (Results Management) must be exhausted. 14.2 External Appeals arising from Decisions Regarding Anti-Doping Rule Violations, Consequences, and Provisional Suspensions A decision that an anti-doping rule violation was committed, a decision imposing Consequences for an anti-doping rule violation, a decision that no anti-doping rule violation was committed, or a decision that IBSA (or applicable ADO) lacks jurisdiction to rule on an alleged anti-doping rule violation or its Consequences, may be appealed exclusively as provided in this Article 14.2. 14.2.1 In cases arising from Competition in an International Competition or in cases involving International Level Athletes, the decision may be appealed exclusively to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in accordance with the provisions applicable before such court. 14.2.2 In cases involving Athletes that do not have a right to appeal under Article 14.2.1, each IBSA member organisation shall have in place an appeal procedure that respects the following principles: 14.2.2.1 A timely hearing; 14.2.2.2 A fair and impartial hearing body; 14.2.2.3 The right to be represented by a counsel at the Person’s expense; and a timely, written, reasoned decision. IBSA’s rights of appeal with respect to these cases are set forth in Article 14.2.3 below. 14.2.3 In cases under Article 14.2.1, the following parties shall have the right to appeal to CAS: (a) the Athlete or other Person who is the subject of the decision being appealed; (b) the other party to the case in which the decision was rendered; (c) IBSA and any other ADO under whose rules a sanction could have been imposed; (d) WADA. In cases under Article 14.2.2, the parties having the right to appeal to the national-level reviewing body shall be as provided in the IBSA member organisation’s rules but, at a minimum, shall include: (a) the Athlete or other Person who is the subject of the decision being appealed; (b) the other party to the case in which the decision was rendered; (c) IBSA; (d) WADA. For cases under Article 14.2.2, WADA and IBSA shall also have the right to appeal to CAS with respect to the decision of the national-level reviewing body. Notwithstanding any other provision herein, the only Person that may appeal from a Provisional Suspension is the Athlete or other Person upon whom the Provisional Suspension is imposed. 14.3 Appeals from Decisions Granting or Denying a TUE Decisions by WADA reversing the grant or denial of a TUE exemption may be appealed exclusively to CAS by the Athlete, IBSA, or National Anti-Doping Organization or other body designated by an IBSA member organisation which granted or denied the exemption. Decisions to deny Therapeutic Use Exemptions, and which are not reversed by WADA, may be appealed by International Level Athletes to CAS and by other Athletes to the national level reviewing body described in Article 14.2.2. If the national level reviewing body reverses the decision to deny TUE, that decision may be appealed to CAS by WADA. 14.4 Time for Filing Appeals The time to file an appeal to CAS shall be twenty-one (21) days from the date of receipt of the decision by the appealing party. The above notwithstanding, the following shall apply in connection with appeals filed by a party entitled to appeal but which was not a party to the proceedings having led to the decision subject to appeal: 14.4.1 within ten (10) days from notice of the decision, such party or parties shall have the right to request from the body having issued the decision a copy of the file on which such body relied; 14.4.2 if such a request is made within the ten (10) day period, then the party making such request shall have twenty-one (21) days from receipt of the file to file an appeal to CAS. 15 Reinstatement 15.1 Request for Reinstatement Participants sanctioned under the Code may request in writing reinstatement of sport Eligibility upon completion of the Ineligibility period. 15.2 Reinstatement Testing As a condition to regaining eligibility at the end of a specified period of Ineligibility, an Athlete must, during any period of Provisional Suspension or Ineligibility, make him or herself available for Out-of-Competition Testing by IBSA (or applicable ADO) having Testing jurisdiction, and must provide current and accurate whereabouts information as provided in Article 7.6. If an Athlete subject to a period of Ineligibility retires from sport and is removed from Out-of-Competition Testing pools and later seeks reinstatement, the Athlete shall not be eligible for reinstatement until the Athlete has notified IBSA and the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation and has been subject to Out-of-Competition Testing for a period of time equal to the period of Ineligibility remaining as of the date the Athlete had retired, but not less than three (3) months. 16 Statute Of Limitations 16.1 These Anti-Doping Rules shall not apply retrospectively to matters pending before the date these Anti-Doping Rules came into effect. 16.2 No action may be commenced under these Anti-Doping Rules against an Athlete or other Person for a violation of an anti-doping rule contained in these Anti-Doping Rules unless such action is commenced within eight (8) years from the date the violation occurred. 17 Confidentiality and Reporting IBSA agrees to the principles of the coordination of anti-doping results, public transparency and accountability and respect for the privacy interests of individuals alleged to have violated anti-doping rules as provided below: 17.1 Information Concerning Adverse Analytical Findings and Other Potential Anti-Doping Rule Violations The IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee, non-voting observers, selected surrogates and all other relevant IBSA staff and representatives shall use their best endeavours to maintain in strict confidentiality the Results of all Doping Control Testing and the identities involved in proceedings under this Code, until such time as (a) all proceedings are completed and (b) there has been a public disclosure by the IBSA Management Committee. 17.2 Public Disclosure The identity of Athletes whose Samples have resulted in Adverse Analytical Findings, or Athletes or other Persons who were alleged by an ADO to have violated other anti-doping rules, may be Publicly Disclosed by IBSA but no earlier than the notification of the Athlete following Initial Review according to Article 9.6 and no later than twenty (20) days after notification of the final decision of the IBSA Management Committee following the corresponding Expedited and or Internal Hearing (Articles 9.8 and 9.17). 17.3 Doping Control Information Clearing House WADA shall act as a central clearing house for Doping Control Testing data and Results for International Level Athletes and national level Athletes that have been included in their National Anti-Doping Organization's Registered Testing Pool. To facilitate co-ordinated test distribution planning and to avoid unnecessary duplication in Testing by the various Anti-Doping Organizations, each Anti-Doping Organization shall report all In-Competition and Out-of-Competition tests on such Athletes to the WADA clearing house as soon as possible after such tests have been conducted. WADA shall make this information accessible to the Athlete, the Athlete's IBSA member organisation, applicable National Federation, National Anti-Doping Organization, IPSF, and IBSA. Private information regarding an Athlete (including whereabouts information) shall be maintained by IBSA and WADA in strict confidence at all times. 18 Doping Control for Animals competing in Sport 18.1 Applicable Anti-Doping Rules In any sport that includes animals in Competition, the corresponding International Federation for sighted athletes shall establish and implement anti-doping rules for the animals included in that sport. The anti-doping rules shall include a list of Prohibited Substances, appropriate Testing procedures and a list of approved laboratories for Sample analysis. 18.2 Determining Anti-Doping Rules Violations With respect to determining anti-doping rule violations, Results management, fair hearings, Consequences, and appeals for animals involved in sport, the corresponding International Federation for sighted athletes shall establish and implement rules that are generally consistent with Articles 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 17 of the Code. 19 Gender Verification IBSA does not perform gender verification Testing. Any protests with regard to the gender of a Participant shall be considered by the IBSA Medical Committee on an individual basis. 20 Medical Care Given To Athletes 20.1 Health of the Participants must prevail above the sport performance or result. The list of Prohibited Substances and Methods contains a very small percentage of the currently available pharmacological substances and does not hinder the proper treatment of Athletes for justifiable therapeutic reasons. IBSA encourages individual countries to establish their own list of permissible drugs and brand names, since the same brand may be used in different countries for medications with different composition. However, this does not give any country the authority to override WADA’s determinations as to which Substances are Prohibited. 20.2 The only legitimate Use of drugs in sport is under supervision of a physician for a clinically justified purpose and when there is no conflict with the Code. 20.3 If a substance on the Prohibited List is used for therapeutic purposes during a Competition, the Athletes must immediately seek a possible exemption from the IBSA TUEC or, in the absence of such exemption, withdraw from Competition. 20.4 If an Athlete is deemed by the IBSA Medical Officer to be endangering their health or the health of others by continuing to compete, then, after consultation with the Athlete’s IBSA member organisation, the Athlete may be required to withdraw from Competition. 20.5 The only possibility for exemption for Use of a substance on the Prohibited List by an Athlete shall be the TUE process. 20.6 Organizing Committees must guarantee that any promotional materials distributed to Participants are free from contamination by substances on the Prohibited List. Similarly, pharmacies at Competitions must ensure that medications prescribed for Participants that are on the Prohibited List are clearly labelled as such. 21 Amendment and Interpretation of Anti-Doping Rules 21.1 These Anti-Doping Rules may be amended from time to time by the IBSA Executive Committee. 21.2 These Anti-Doping Rules, although adopted pursuant to the applicable provisions of the WADC, shall be interpreted as an independent and autonomous text and not by reference to any other existing law or statutes. 21.3 The headings used for the various Parts and Articles of these Anti-Doping Rules are for convenience only and shall not be deemed part of the substance of these Anti-Doping Rules or to affect in any way the language of the provisions to which they refer. 21.4 The Introduction and Glossary shall be considered integral parts of these Anti-Doping Rules. 21.5 Notice to an Athlete or other Person who is a member of a National Federation may be accomplished by delivery of the notice to the applicable IBSA member organisation or National Federation. 22 Accessibility As the International Federation for people with visual impairments, IBSA is committed to the principle of non-discrimination. This includes accessibility to all services, goods and processes. Where possible, all aspects of the Anti-Doping process, including Testing and Results Reporting, shall be made fully accessible to blind and partially sighted participants. This shall include, but is not limited to, the publication of all documentation related to the process in accessible formats such as large print, Braille and spoken word audio. It shall also include the transcription to formats accessible to the visually impaired of all documents used during the process. Visually impaired participants shall have the right to be accompanied by a sighted person at all stages of the process. Glossary Adverse Analytical Finding: a report from a laboratory or other approved Testing entity that identifies in a Specimen the presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers (including elevated quantities of endogenous substances) or evidence of the Use of a Prohibited Method. Anti-Doping Organization(ADO): a Signatory of the WADC that is responsible for adopting rules for initiating, implementing or enforcing any part of the Doping Control process. This includes, for example, the IPC, IOC, other Major Competition Organizations that conduct Testing at their Competitions, WADA, IPSFs, NPCs, IBSA member organisations and National Anti-Doping Organizations. Athlete: for the purposes of Doping Control, any Person who participates in an official IBSA sport at the International Level (as defined by IBSA) or national level (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization) and any additional Person who participates in sport at a lower level if designated by the Person's National Anti-Doping Organization. For the purposes of anti-doping information and education, any Person who participates in sport under the authority of any Signatory, government, or other sports organization accepting the WADC. Athlete Support Personnel: any coach, trainer, manager, agent, Team staff, official, medical or para-medical personnel working with or treating Athletes participating in or preparing for sports Competition. Attempt: purposely engaging in conduct that constitutes a substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in the commission of an anti-doping rule violation. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based solely on an Attempt to commit a violation if the Person renunciates the Attempt prior to it being discovered by a third party not involved in the Attempt. Code: the IBSA Anti-Doping Code. Competition: a series of individual Events conducted together under one ruling body (e.g. the IBSA World Athletics Championships or the Paralympic Games). Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations: an Athlete's or other Person's violation of an anti-doping rule may result in one or more of the following: (a) Disqualification means the Athlete’s Results in a particular Competition or Event are invalidated, with all resulting Consequences including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes; (b) Ineligibility means the Athlete or other Person is barred for a specified period of time from participating in any Event or other activity or funding as provided in Article 12.9. Disqualification: see Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations. Doping Control: the process including test distribution planning, Sample collection and handling, laboratory analysis, Results management, hearings and appeals. Event: a single race, match, game or singular athletic contest (e.g. B1 100m). Expedited Hearing: hearing held as a result of an A Sample Adverse Analytical Finding. In-Competition: for the purposes of differentiating between In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing, unless provided otherwise in the rules of an International Federation or other relevant Anti-Doping Organization, an In-Competition test is a test where an Athlete is selected for Testing in connection with a specific Event. Internal Appeal: an Appeal, conducted by IBSA, lodged due to a decision taken as a result of an Expedited Hearing. Internal Appeal Hearing: hearing held as a result of an Internal Appeal with or without the requirement for a B Sample Analysis. Ineligibility: see Consequences of Anti-Doping Rules Violations. IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee: the Subcommittee responsible for establishing policies, guidelines and procedures with respect to the fight against doping, including Results management and compliance with internationally accepted regulations, including the WADC and the IPC Anti-Doping Code. IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee Chairperson: a Person appointed by the IBSA Medical Officer and Chairperson of the IBSA Anti-Doping Subcommittee. IBSA Medical Committee: the IBSA Medical Committee is responsible for all medical, anti-doping, classification and scientific general regulations, including the IBSA Anti-Doping Code. IBSA Medical Officer: a Person elected by the IBSA General Assembly and the Chairperson of the IBSA Medical Committee. IBSA Member Organisation: a national organisation responsible for blind sports in a country and holding membership of IBSA. IBSA Therapeutic Use Exemption Committee (IBSA TUEC): the panel designated by the IBSA Medical Committee to assess all Therapeutic Use Exemptions. International Competition: a Competition where IBSA, IPC, IOC, a Major Competition Organization or another international sporting organization is the ruling body for the Competition or appoints the technical officials for the Competition. International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA): the international governing body for sports for persons with a visual impairment. International Level Athlete: Athletes designated by an IBSA Member Organisation as being in the Registered Testing Pool. International Paralympic Committee (IPC): the body responsible for the organisation of the Paralympic Games, and of which IBSA is a full and founding member. International Paralympic Sports Federation (IPSF): the body responsible for the organisation of championships in certain multi-disability sports on the Paralympic programme. International Standard: a standard adopted by WADA in support of the WADC. Compliance with an International Standard (as opposed to another alternative standard, practice or procedure) shall be sufficient to conclude that the procedures addressed by the International Standard were performed properly. Major Competition Organizations: the continental associations of National Paralympic Committees, e.g. the European Paralympic Committee, and other international multi-sport organizations that function as the organising body for any continental, regional or other International Competition, for example IPC. Marker: a compound, group of compounds or biological parameters that indicates the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. Metabolite: any substance produced by a biotransformation process. Minor: a natural Person who has not reached the age of majority as established by the applicable laws of his or her country of residence. National Anti-Doping Organization: the entity(ies) designated by each country as possessing the primary authority and responsibility to adopt and implement anti-doping rules, direct the collection of Samples, the management of test Results, and the conduct of hearings, all at national level. If this designation has not been made by the competent public authority(ies), the entity shall be the country's IBSA Member Organisation or its designee. National Paralympic Committee (NPC): the national organisation recognized by the IPC and holding membership of IPC. No Advance Notice: a Doping Control which takes place with no advance warning to the Athlete and where the Athlete is continuously chaperoned from the moment of notification through Sample provision. No Fault or Negligence: the Athlete's establishing that he or she did not know or suspect, and could not reasonably have known or suspected even with the exercise of utmost caution, that he or she had used or been administered the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. No Significant Fault or Negligence: the Athlete's establishing that his or her Fault or Negligence, when viewed in the totality of the circumstances and taking into account the criteria for No Fault or Negligence, was not significant in relationship to the anti-doping rule violation. Out-of-Competition: any Doping Control which is not In-Competition. Participant: any Athlete or Athlete Support Personnel. Person: a natural Person or an organization or other entity. Possession: the actual, physical Possession, or the constructive Possession (which shall be found only if the Person has exclusive control over the Prohibited Substance/Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance/Method exists). Provided, however, that if the Person does not have exclusive control over the Prohibited Substance/Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance/Method exists, constructive Possession shall only be found if the Person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance/Method and intended to exercise control over it. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based solely on Possession if, prior to receiving notification of any kind that the Person has committed an anti-doping rule violation, the Person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the Person no longer intends to have Possession and has renounced the Person's previous Possession. Prohibited List: the WADC List identifying the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods. This list is updated annually. Prohibited Method: any method so described on the Prohibited List. Prohibited Substance: any substance so described on the Prohibited List. Publicly Disclose: to disseminate or distribute information to the general public or Persons beyond those Persons entitled to earlier notification in accordance with Article 17. Registered Testing Pool: the pool of top level Athletes established by IBSA, in collaboration with IBSA Member Organisations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations. Such Athletes are subject to both In-Competition and Out-of-Competition Testing as part of IBSA’s and/or the NADO’s test distribution plan. Result: the information obtained from a Doping Control test. Sample/Specimen: any biological material collected for the purposes of Doping Control. Sanctioned Competition: a Competition that meets the appropriate organizational and technical requirements of IBSA. Tampering: altering for an improper purpose or in an improper way; bringing improper influence to bear; interfering improperly to alter Results or prevent normal procedures from occurring. Team: Team is a combination of Participants playing as one entity in a sport. The definition of Team includes not only Team Sports but also double, pair, relay, crew, horse and rider and Athletes with guide and/or pilot. Team Sport: a sport in which the substitution of players is permitted during an Event. Testing: the parts of the Doping Control process involving test distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, and Sample transport to the laboratory. Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE): an exemption to Use, for therapeutic purposes, substances on the WADC Prohibited List. Trafficking: to sell, give, administer, transport, send, deliver or distribute a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method to an Athlete either directly or through one or more third parties, but excluding the sale or distribution (by medical personnel or by Persons other than an Athlete's Support Personnel) of a Prohibited Substance for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes. Use: the application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. WADA: the World Anti-Doping Agency. WADC: the World Anti-Doping Code. Approved by the IBSA Executive Committee at its meeting in Madrid, Spain, on Saturday 30th September and Sunday 1st October 2006. 2 IBSA Anti-Doping Code 1 IBSA Anti-Doping Code